A framework of reference for pluralistic approaches

Descriptors with graphical conventions

This version is not as easy to read, but allows for a better visualization of the descriptor's structure, and disambiguates parentheses.
Knowledge with graphical conventions
Attitudes with graphical conventions
Skills with graphical conventions

Skills

S 1 - Can observe/analyse

S 1 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can ° observe / analyse ° ° linguistic elements / cultural phenomena ° in ° languages / cultures ° which are more or less familiar

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S 1.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan °make use of / master° processes of °observation / analysis (/breaking down into elements / classifying / establishing relationships between them/)°
S 1.1.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan use inductive approaches in the analysis of °linguistic / cultural° phenomena
S 1.1.2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan formulate hypotheses in view of an analysis of °linguistic / cultural° phenomena
S 1.1.3 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan resort to a known °language / culture° with a view to development of analysis of another °language / culture°
S 1.1.4 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan observe different °languages / cultures° simultaneously in order to formulate hypotheses analysing phenomena in a particular °language / culture°
 
S 1.2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan °observe / analyse° sounds (in languages little known or not at all)
S 1.2.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan listen ° attentively / in a selective manner° to productions in different languages
S 1.2.2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan isolate sounds [phonemes]
S 1.2.3 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resourceCan °isolate / segment° syllables
S 1.2.4 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan analyse a phonological system (/ isolate / classify units / …)
 
S 1.3 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan °observe / analyse° writing systems (in languages little known or not known at all
S 1.3.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can isolate units of script (/ sentences / words / minimal units /)
S 1.3.2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceWhere these exist, can establish correspondences between script and sound
S 1.3.2.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan decipher a text written in an unfamiliar script once the units have been isolated and the grapho-phonetic correspondences have been established
 
S 1.4 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan °observe / analyse° syntactic and / or morphological structures
S 1.4.1 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan divide compound words into their constituent words
S 1.4.2 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan analyse a syntactic structure in an unfamiliar language once it is repeated using different lexical units
S 1.4.3 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan accede, at least partially, to the meaning of an utterance in a little known or unknown language by identifying words and by analysing the ° syntactic / morphosyntactic ° structure of that utterance
 
S 1.5 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan analyse pragmatic functions (in a language which is little °known / familiar° or not °known / familiar° at all)
S 1.5.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan analyse the links between pragmatic forms and functions [speech acts]
S 1.5.2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan analyse the relationship between form and °context / situation°
S 1.5.3 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan analyse the relationship between form and interaction
 
S 1.6 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan analyse communicative repertoires which are °plurilingual / in a plurilingual situation°
 
S 1.7 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resource Can analyse the cultural origin of different aspects of communication
S 1.7.1 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resource Can analyse misunderstandings due to cultural differences
S 1.7.2 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan analyse schemata used for interpreting behaviour (/stereotypes/)

 

 
S 1.8 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan analyse the cultural origins of certain behaviours
 
S 1.9 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan analyse specific social phenomena as being the consequence of cultural difference
 
S 1.10 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan develop a system of interpretation which enables one to perceive the particular characteristics of a culture {meanings, beliefs, cultural practices …}
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S 2 - Can recognise / identify

S 2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can ° identify [recognise] ° ° linguistic elements / cultural phenomena ° in ° languages / cultures ° which are more or less familiar

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S 2.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource°°Can °identify [recognise]° sound forms [has aural recognition skills]°°
S 2.1.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan °identify [recognise]° °simple phonetic elements [sounds]°
S 2.1.2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan °identify [recognise]° prosodic units
S 2.1.3 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan °identify [recognise]° a morpheme or a word while listening
 
S 2.2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan °identify [recognise]° written forms
S 2.2.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan °identify [recognise]° elementary graphic forms {letters, ideograms, punctuation marks …}
S 2.2.2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan °identify [recognise]° °a morpheme / a word° in the written form of familiar or unfamiliar languages
 
S 2.3 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan make use of linguistic evidence to °identify [recognise]° words of different origin
S 2.3.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan °identify [recognise]° °loans / words of international origin / regionalisms°
 
S 2.4 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan °identify [recognise]° grammatical °categories / functions / markers° {article, possessive, gender, time, plural …}
 
S 2.5 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan identify languages on the basis of identification of linguistic forms
S 2.5.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan identify languages on the basis of phonological evidence
S 2.5.2 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resourceCan identify languages on the basis of graphic evidence
S 2.5.3 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan identify languages on the basis of known °words / expressions°
S 2.5.4 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan identify languages on the basis of known grammatical markers
 
S 2.6 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan identify pragmatic functions
 
S 2.7 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan identify discourse types
 
S 2.8 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan °identify [recognise]° cultural °specificities / references / affinities°
S 2.8.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan °identify [recognise]° °specificities / references / affinities° in cultural features manifested by other pupils in the class / other members of a group°
S 2.8.2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan °identify [recognise]° °specificities of / references to / affinities of ° one’s own culture

 

S 2.9 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan °identify [recognise]° communicative variations engendered by cultural differences
S 2.9.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan identify the risks of misunderstanding due to differences between communicative cultures

 

S 2.10 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can ° identify [recognise]° specific forms of behaviour linked to cultural differences
 
S 2.11 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can ° identify [recognise] ° cultural prejudice
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S 3 - Can compare

S 3 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can compare ° linguistic / cultural ° features of different ° languages / cultures ° [Can ° perceive / establish ° ° linguistic / cultural ° proximity and distance

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S 3.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can apply procedures for making comparisons
S 3.1.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan establish similarity and difference between °languages / cultures° from °observation / analysis / identification / recognition° of some of their components
S 3.1.2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan formulate hypotheses about linguistic or cultural °proximity / distance°
S 3.1.3 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan use a range of different criteria to establish linguistic or cultural °proximity / distance°
 
S 3.2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource°Can perceive proximity and distance between sounds [can discriminate aurally]°
S 3.2.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can perceive proximity and distance between °simple phonetic features [sounds]°
S 3.2.2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can perceive proximity and distance between prosodic features
S 3.2.3 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can perceive proximity and distance between sounds at °morpheme / word° level
S 3.2.4 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can compare languages aurally
 
S 3.3 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan perceive proximity or distance between graphic forms
S 3.3.1 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan perceive similarities and differences between graphic forms
S 3.3.2 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan perceive proximity and distance between graphic features at °morpheme / word° level
S 3.3.3 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan compare scripts used by °two / several° languages
 
S 3.4 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can perceive lexical proximity
S 3.4.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan perceive direct lexical proximity
S 3.4.2 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resourceCan perceive *indirect* lexical proximity <using proximity between terms of the same family of words in one of the languages involved>
S 3.4.3 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan compare the form of loan words with their form in their original language
 
S 3.5 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan perceive global similarities between °two / several° languages
S 3.5.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan formulate hypotheses about whether languages are related on the basis of similarities between them
 
S 3.6 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can compare the relationships between sounds and script in different languages
 
S 3.7 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan compare the grammatical functioning of different languages
S 3.7.1 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan compare sentence structures in different languages
 
S 3.8 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can compare grammatical functions of different languages
 
S 3.9 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can compare communicative cultures
S 3.9.1 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resource Can compare discourse types in different languages
S 3.9.1.1 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resource Can compare discourse types in one’s own language with discourse types in another language
S 3.9.2 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan compare the communicative repertoires used in different languages and cultures
S 3.9.2.1 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resource Can compare one’s own language ° repertoires / behaviours ° with those of speakers of other languages
S 3.9.2.2. Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resource Can compare one’s own non verbal communication practices with those of others
 
S 3.10 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can ° compare features of a culture [perceive the cultural proximity / distance ] °
S 3.10.1 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan use a range of criteria to recognise cultural °proximity / distance°
S 3.10.2 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan perceive differences or similarities in different aspects of social life {living conditions, working life, participation in civic activities, respect of the environment …}
S 3.10.3 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan compare °meanings / connotations° corresponding to cultural features {a comparison of the concept of time …}
S 3.10.4 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan compare different cultural practices
S 3.10.5 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resourceCan relate °documents / events° from another culture to °documents / events° in one’s own culture
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S 4 - Can talk about languages and cultures

S 4 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can ° talk about / explain ° certain aspects of ° one’s own language / one’s culture / other languages / other cultures °

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S 4.1 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resourceCan construct explanations °meant for a foreign interlocutor about a feature of one’s own culture / meant for an interlocutor from one’s own culture about a feature of another culture°
S 4.1.1 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resourceCan talk about cultural prejudices
 
S 4.2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan explain misunderstandings
 
S 4.3 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan explain one’s own knowledge of languages
 
S 4.4 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan argue about cultural diversity {advantages, disadvantages, difficulties …} and construct °his / her° own opinion about it
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S 5 - Can use what one knows of a language in order to understand another language or to produce in another language

S 5 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can use knowledge and skills already mastered in one language in activities of ° comprehension / production ° in another language

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S 5.1 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resourceCan construct °a set of hypotheses / a "hypothetical grammar"° about affinities or differences between languages
 
S 5.2 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resourceCan identify *transfer bases* <element of a language which allow a transfer of knowledge °between languages [interlingual] / within a language [intralingual] °>
S 5.2.1 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resourceCan compare transfer points in the target language with those in languages which are mentally *activated* <whose features readily come to mind faced with a task>
 
S 5.3 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resourceCan make interlingual transfers (/transfers of recognition <which establish a link between an identified feature of a known language and a feature one seeks to identify in an unfamiliar language> / transfers of production <an activity of language production in an unfamiliar language>/) from a known language to an unfamiliar one
S 5.3.1 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resourceCan °carry out transfers of form [set in motion transfer processes]° based on interphonological and intergraphemic °characteristics / regularities and irregularities°
S 5.3.2 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resourceCan carry out *transfers of (semantic) content* <can recognise core meanings within correspondences of meaning>
S 5.3.3 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource°Can establish grammatical regularities in an unfamiliar language on the basis of grammatical regularities in a familiar language / can carry out transfers at grammatical level (/transfers of function /)°
S 5.3.4 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resourceCan establish *pragmatic transfers* <can establish a link between communicative conventions in one’s own language and those in another language>
 
S 5.4 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can carry out intralingual transfers ( ° preceding / following° interlingual transfers)
 
S 5.5 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can check the validity of transfers which have been made
 
S 5.6 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can identify one’s own reading strategies in the first language (L1) and apply them to the second language (L2)
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S 6 - Can Interact

S 6 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can interact in situations of contact between ° languages / cultures °

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S 6.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can communicate in bi/plurilingual groups taking into account the repertoire of one’s interlocutors
S 6.1.1 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can reformulate (/ by simplifying the structure of the utterance / by varying the vocabulary / by making an effort to pronounce more clearly/)
S 6.1.2 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can discuss strategies for interaction
 
S 6.2 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can ask for help when communicating in bi/plurilingual groups
S 6.2.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can ask an interlocutor to reformulate what has been said
S 6.2.2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can ask an interlocutor to repeat what has been said in a simpler way
S 6.2.3 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can ask an interlocutor to switch to another language
 
S 6.3 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can communicate while taking ° sociolinguistic / sociocultural ° differences into account
S 6.3.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan use formulae of politeness appropriately
S 6.3.2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan use forms of address appropriately
S 6.3.3 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan resort to different speech registers according to the situation
S 6.3.4 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resourceCan use ° metaphoric / idiomatic ° ° expressions / formulae ° in accordance with the cultural background of one’s interlocutor
 
S 6.4 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can communicate "between languages"
S 6.4.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can give an account in one language of information met in °another language / other languages°
S 6.4.1.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can present a ° commentary / exposé° in one language based on a plurilingual set of documents
 
S 6.5 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can activate bilingual or plurilingual communication in relevant situations
S 6.5.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can ° vary / alternate ° ° languages / linguistic codes / modes of communication °
S 6.5.2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can produce a text in which ° registers / varieties / languages ° alternate functionally (when the situation allows it)
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S 7 - Knows how to learn

S 7 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can ° assume ownership of [learn] ° ° linguistic features or usage / cultural references or behaviours ° which belong to more or less familiar ° languages and cultures °

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S 7.1 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resource Can memorise unfamiliar features
S 7.1.1 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resource Can memorise unfamiliar aural features {simple phonetic units, prosodic units, words …}
S 7.1.2 Pluralistic approaches are US EFUL for the development of this resource Can memorise features of unfamiliar graphic elements {letters, ideograms, words …}
 
S 7.2 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can reproduce unfamiliar features of a language
S 7.2.1 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resourceCan reproduce unfamiliar aural features {simple phonetic units, prosodic features, words …}
S 7.2.2 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resourceCan reproduce features of unfamiliar graphic elements {letters, ideograms, words …}
 
S 7.3 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can gain from previously acquired knowledge about languages and cultures during learning
S 7.3.1 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can gain from previous intercultural experiences to enrich °his / her° intercultural competence
S 7.3.2 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can use knowledge and skills acquired in one language to learn another
S 7.3.3 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can use knowledge and skills acquired in one language to develop °his / her° knowledge and skills in that same language (through intralingual comparison, induction, deduction …)
 
S 7.4 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can gain from from transfers made (/successful / unsuccessful/) between a known language and another language in order to acquire features of that other language
 
S 7.5 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can get ownership of a system for identifying correspondences and non-correspondences between languages known to varying degrees
 
S 7.6 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can learn autonomously
S 7.6.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can make use of resources which facilitate learning in matters of languages and cultures
S 7.6.1.1 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can make use of linguistic tools of reference {bilingual dictionaries, grammar manuals …}
S 7.6.1.2 Pluralistic approaches are IMPORTANT for the development of this resource Can resort to other persons in order to learn (/can ask an interlocutor to correct mistakes / can ask for information or explanations/)
 
S 7.7 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can manage °his / her° learning in a reflective manner
S 7.7.1 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can identify °his / her° own learning ° needs / objectives °
S 7.7.2 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can deliberately apply learning strategies
S 7.7.3 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource ° Can benefit from previous learning experiences in new situations [Can transfer learning] °
S 7.7.3.1 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can benefit from previous use of skills and knowledge in °his / her / another / other° language(s) in learning a new language
S 7.7.4 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can ° observe / check ° °his / her° own learning process
S 7.7.4.1 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can observe ° progress / lack of progress ° in °his / her° own learning
S 7.7.4.2 Pluralistic approaches are ES S ENTIAL for the development of this resource Can compare different methods of learning taking their successes or failures into account
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Graphical conventions

°x / y° either x, or y (y is not a sub-set of x)
Can identify cultural specificities / features
Can °observe/ analyse° linguistic forms and functions
°x [y]° terminological variants considered to be (quasi) equivalent
Can °identify [recognise]° ° simple phonetic elements [sounds]°
x (/ y/ z/) either x, or y, or z (y and z being sub-sets of x)
Can analyse interpretation schemas (/stereotypes /)
{…} list of examples (not to be confused with sub-sets of the object!)
Can identify [recognise] basic graphic signs {letters, ideograms, punctuation marks…}
Shows awareness of cultural diversity {table manners, highway codes…}
*x* <…> explanation of a term
Can perceive the *indirect* lexical closeness between features of two languages <on the basis of closeness with terms of the same family of words>
<…> all other explanations / additional information (or note)
Make efforts to combat one’s own reservations towards what is different <applies to both languages and culture>
(…) optional part (in contrast with <…>, the part between (…) is part of the descriptor).
Be receptive to the enrichment which can be engendered by confronting °different languages / different cultures / different peoples° (especially when these are linked to the personal or family history of pupils in the class)

  Pluralistic approaches are ...
 ... useful
 ... important
 ... essential
  ... for the development of this resource.